Peruvian Leader, Military Figure. He received his place in history, following a Coup d'état, as the "Supreme Director of Peru" from 1843 to 1844. As a supporter of Spanish colonization in South America, he served in the military during several wars in a very unstable political era. He was part of the Peruvian forces fighting against the reunification of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, a short-lived state that existed in South America between 1836 and 1839. In 1843, he rebelled against Juan Francisco de Vidal, but was defeated and fled to Bolivia. He returned to Peru then and subsequently, following a Coup d'état, became president in 1843 under the title "Supreme Director of the Republic". Although at the nation's helm, he is not listed on the formal list of Presidents of Peru. From 1843 to 1844, he served in the military in the Peruvian Civil War, which was a conflict between his military forces and the revolutionary or constitutional forces of the south led by General Domingo Nieto and General Ramón Castilla. Upon his defeat, he went into exile in Ecuador, but returned to Peru under the amnesty law of 1847. With the support of newspapers, he ran as a candidate for presidency of Peru but did not receive the votes needed. At this point, he retired to Chile. He returned to Peru to offer his services to President Echenique, when General Castilla led the Liberal Revolution of 1854 in Arequipa. After being wounded and defeated, he fled to Chile. From Chile, he attempted to remain in the politics in Peru. In 1857 he returned to Peru to be a part of the longest Civil War in Peru, in which thousands of people died. At the war's end, Vivanco was once again defeated and banished to Chile in 1858, yet he returned in 1862 when a colleague came into office. He was appointed minister Plenipotentiary in Chile from April 16 to November 14, 1863. In the name of Peruvian President Juan Antonio Pezet, he signed the Vivanco-Pareja Treaty on January 27, 1865, which was one of the main causes of the Chincha Island War, a series of coastal and naval battles between Spain and its former colonies of Peru, Chile, Ecuador, and Bolivia. From April to September in 1865, he served as Prime Minister of Peru, yet the next November another Coup d'état occurred with him returning to Chile in self-exile for a time. He married and had one son. In his later years, he helped with the building of parks and academies in Peru. While on one of his many trips to Chile, he died.