Trinidad and Tobago Politician. He served as the third Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from December 18, 1986 to December 17, 1991, and as the third President of Trinidad and Tobago from March 18, 1997 to March 16, 2003. He was a founding member of the political party called People's National Movement, served in the parliament of the West Indies Federation from 1958 to 1960, and was elected to the Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago in 1961, serving as a Member of Parliament for Tobago. After resigning from the People's National Movement in 1970, his political career declined for a short time. During his time as Prime Minister, he presided over a nation that had currency devaluation, high unemployment, and rising crime, leading him to take a loan from the International Monetary Fund, yet six years after being voted out of office, he was elected as the first former prime minister to become the nation's president. While Prime Minister, he and much of his cabinet were held hostage for six days during the July 1990 coup d'état attempt by a 114-member Islamic group from the nation's slums, the Jamaat al Muslimeen. When told to order the army to cease fire on the house of Parliament at the Red House, where they were being held, he instead ordered them in a phone conversation to "attack with full force." Because of this, his captors badly beat him and shot him in the right leg. After twenty deaths, he and his cabinet were finally released. The son of a schoolmaster, he was educated locally before obtaining a Bachelor of Laws Degree from London University as an extended student. After relocating to England in 1951, he was called to the bar at Inner Temple. He obtained a Master's degree in philosophy, politics, and economics from St. John's College at Oxford. Starting while he was still in college in England, he was active in supporting an international court for crimes against humanity. Even after the United Nations tabled his proposal for this court, he continued to support the idea, and eventually, the court was established in the Hague in the Netherlands in 2002, with the first verdict in 2012. He is also credited with introducing the idea of a single Caribbean market and economy. After returning to his Caribbean homeland, he practiced as a barrister-at-law before going into politics within the decade. Following a stroke, he died from the complications of being a diabetic. In 2011, the Tobago airport was renamed in honor of him the A. N. R. Robinson International Airport. Recognized as a statesman, scholar, and author of several books on a variety of subjects, his most noted work is the 250-page "The Mechanics of Independence: Patterns of Political and Economic Transformation in Trinidad and Tobago," which was published in 1971.