Peruvian President. Ramón Castilla y Marquesado received a place in history for being the president of the South American country of Peru, serving in broken intervals for a total of fourteen years. The first term was from 1845 to 1851 and a second term from 1855 to 1862. He was the first Peruvian President to serve a full term in office. For twenty years, Castilla actively brought stability to the country after the War of Independence from Spain and from military strongmen, who fought for control of the country. His efforts brought considerable income at the dawn of the Guano Age with exporting. After being trained as a soldier by Spain, he turned and fought against Spain in the War for Independence from 1821 to 1825. The country had unrest for many years and at times, and depending what political party was in control, he left the country in exile fearing for his life or was imprisoned. Castilla was appointed minister of the treasury from 1839 to 1841 and in that capacity arranged the first guano export contracts. The Peruvian government owned millions of pesos to citizens for the money used for the War of Independence. Castilla regulated the service of the internal and external debts, introducing in 1850 the Law of Consolidation for repayment of the floating national debt. In 1851 one of his trusted advisers, José Rufino Echenique, succeeded him as president, but following a scandalous mismanaging of the funds for the nation's debt, Echenique was removed from office in 1855 and Castilla returned to the office of president. For two more short periods, he assumed the office of president: The first time was in 1844 after the death of Domingo Nieto until he was elected president in 1845. The second time was from April to April of 1863. Leaving office in 1862, he was succeeded by Miguel de San Roman, who died within a year. Not wanting his brother-in-law, who was the vice-president, to become the next president, he resumed his office as president until succeeded by Juan Antonio Pezet. While serving President of the Senate in 1864, he and Pezet had a disagreement, hence he was imprisoned in exile. Upon his release and returning to Peru, he was deported to Chile by the President Mariano Ignacio Prado, who had led a coup that overthrew Pezet. At the age of nearly seventy years old, he rallied followers in an attempt to retake the office of President of Peru by force but dying in the action during the coup. Originally buried in Cementerio Presbítero Matías Maestro, his remains were transferred to the to Panteón de los Próceres, Spanish for Heroes' Pantheon, which is the mausoleum inside the old Church of the Real Colegio de San Carlos, an honored final resting place of the forefathers of Peru.